to my learned friend and colleague, Shamsu-1 ‘Ulamā’ Mawlawī Muhammad Shiblī Nu‘mānī, who has assisted me most generously out of the abundance of his knowledge of early Muhammadan history and to my former pupil, Mawlawī Bahādur ‘Alī, M.A. I desire also to acknowledge my obligations to Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khān Bahādur, K.C.S.I., LL.D. To the late Professor Robertson Smith I am indebted for valuable suggestions as to the lines of study on which the history of the North African Church and the condition of the Christians under Muslim rule, should be worked out the profound regret which all Semitic scholars feel at his loss is to me intensified by the thought that this is the only acknowledgment I am able to make of his generous help and encouragement. I am also under a debt of gratitude to the kindness of Conte Ugo Balzani, but for whose assistance certain parts of my work would have been impossible to me. I am under an especial debt of gratitude to James Kennedy, Esq., late of the Bengal Civil Service, who has never ceased to take a kindly interest in my book, though it has almost exemplified the Horatian precept, Nonum prematur in annum to his profound scholarship and wide reading I have been indebted for much information that would otherwise have remained unknown to me, nor do I owe less to the stimulus of his enthusiastic love of learning and his helpful sympathy. Williams's Library, Gordon Square, London, for the liberal use they have allowed me of their respective libraries. Allnutt, of the Cambridge Mission, Dehli the Trustees of Dr. Francis Pesci, Bishop of Allahabad the Rev. Paul Goethals, Archbishop of Calcutta the Right Rev.
I desire to thank Her Excellency the Princess Barberini His Excellency the Prince Chigi the Most Rev. Mecca, Medina), because usage has almost created for them a prescriptive title. In the case of geographical names this scheme has not been so rigidly applied-in many instances because I could not discover the original Arabic form of the word, in others (e.g. The scheme adopted in this book for the transliteration of Arabic words is that laid down by the Transliteration Committee of the Tenth International Congress of Orientalists, held at Geneva in 1894, with the exception that the last letter of the article is assimilated to the so-called solar letters. I have myself suffered so much inconvenience and wasted so much time in hunting up references to books indicated in some obscure or unintelligible manner, that I would desire to spare others a similar annoyance and while to the general reader I may appear guilty of pedantry, I may perchance save trouble to some scholar who wishes to test the accuracy of a statement or pursue any part of the subject further.
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Quod si cum caritate et veritate fecerit, mihique etiam (si in hac vita maneo) cognoscendum facere curaverit, uberrimum fructum laboris huius mei cepero." Īs I can neither claim to be an authority nor a specialist on any of the periods of history dealt with in this book, and as many of the events referred to therein have become matter for controversy, I have given full references to the sources consulted and here I have thought it better to err on the side of excess rather than that of defect. Augustine : " Qui hæc legens dicit, intelligo quidem quid dictum sit, sed non vere dictum est asserat ut placet sen-tentiam suam, et redarguat meam, si potest. When I may be better equipped for the task, and after further study has enabled me to fill up the gaps left in the present work, I hope to make it a more worthy contribution to this neglected department of Muhammadan history and to this end I shall be deeply grateful for the criticisms and corrections of any scholars who may deign to notice the book. It is with considerable diffidence that I publish these pages the subject with which they deal is so vast, and I have had to prosecute it under circumstances so disadvantageous, that I can hope but for small measure of success. TO WHOM THE FIRST EDITION OWES ITS EXISTENCE PROFESSOR OF ARABIC, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE